BBFC Institution Research

What is the BBFC?

The BBFC is an independent, non-governmental body which classifies cinema films. It's a not for profit organisation, it's income is from the fees it charges for its services.

How are films rated? 

The age ratings for films and TV programmes are reached by a consensus and the examiners watch the films alone - solo viewing however, if it is a foreign film, which requires aid there would be a translator in the room. The examiners watch the films and make notes referring to key scenes, bad language, sexual content, drugs and general cinematography and context. Distributors can also request an age certificate to the examiner and they would take this into consideration but if the decisions by the examiners are not consensual then it would be past down to senior examiners.

The issues faced when categorising a film?

They need to consider whether the material is:

• in conflict with the law
• harmful to the viewer 
• unacceptable to appear to a wider audience
• acceptably portraying the dominant issue 
• problematic within its tone

Violence 

Sex

Sexual Violence

Drugs 

Horror 

Imitable Behaviour

Discrimination 

Language - 

• U - 'Infrequent use only of very mild bad language'
• PG - 'Mild bad language only'
• 12A/12 - 'Moderate language is allowed. The use of strong language must be infrequent'
• 15 - 'There may be frequent use of strong language. The strongest terms may be acceptable if justified by context. Aggressive or repeated use of the strongest language is unlikely to be acceptable'
• 18 - No constraints on language 

Controversial decisions - 'The Dark Knight'

The main issues that arise in 'The Dark Knight' is violence and threat. The BBFC guidelines stated that 'violence must not dwell on detail. There should be no emphasis on injuries and blood.' Although there is no emphasis on blood itself, there are indications of violence which are strong. The rating was given due to the identification with Batman and the fact that the previous Batman was also rated a 12A. Although the antagonist, the villain, The Joker, uses a knife, the use of the weapon is not accentuated or glamorised to encourage the use of the violence. The BBFC received 364 complaints about the age rating. Parents and viewers thought that the tone of the film was too dark to show to younger audiences without making them feel uncomfortable or scared, which then raised the subject of tone being problematic in some films and should be a factor that is considered alongside the more prominent themes. 

Guidelines for a 15 Certificate

15 Certificate - 'There may be frequent use of strong language. The strongest terms may be acceptable if justified by context. Aggressive or repeated use of the strongest language is unlikely to be acceptable'

'Mad Max' classification

Mad Max (1979) was rated X and the film also required cuts, however in 1992 the film was classified within the BBFC's guidelines as an 18 rated film, without the cuts. Now in 2015, the film was screened for modern audiences and was classified a 15 due to the strong threat, violence and injury detail. The scenes that were cut initially fit into the 15 classification because of it's implied nature and lack of visual detail. This shows just how different generations change their ideologies towards particular films and scenes.  

A Case Study in Independent Film Production

Film London aims to ensure the capital is a thriving centre for creative industries sector that enrich the city's businesses and its people. 

Microwave films fund films; they also develop and mentor short listed projects. 

London Calling offer funding, training and mentoring for people with exciting talent. 

Lilting 

This film is a British drama and due to the use of the foreign language we can tell this is a art house film. Due to the narrative involving homosexuality I do not think the target audience would be older because elder people would stereotypically be traditional and set in their ways whilst younger people tend to be more accepting and thrive for change therefore, the target audience would be mid 20's. 

Borrowed Time

This comedy seems like a very unique concept as the narrative has not been done before therefore, highlights how the film is independent. Furthermore, the binary opposition of the characters reveals the conflict and the intriguing narrative. The target audience would predominately be 15-24 year old's, however I also think there is a possibility for elder audience demographics to want to watch this film too due to the character identifications such as the youth portrayal and the elder man. 

Freestyle

This film is appears like a low-budget film due to the use of the mise-en-scene, it does not appear to be very high budget. I think the target audience for this film would be balanced so both males and females would like this film due to the subversion of the stereotype of all girls not being sporty, which would therefore appeal to the female demographic. This would also appeal to youths due to the content such as the language and the characters themselves being quite young so youths would therefore identify with the characters. 

• I need to identify my protagonist and make sure there is a clear narrative where my target audience are able to identify and relate to my main character 
• I need to make sure I know exactly who my film is for and I need to stick to that audience and make sure the film will suit their requirements and appeal to them 
• Finally, the narrative must be interesting and intriguing in order to engage the audience; I need to include enigma codes and features to keep the audience guessing and compelled

Art House Cinemas

Art House Crouch End

Tottenham London

They show romantic, horror and action films.

This week they are showing; A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night, Blackmass and Spectre.

They have a wide range of audience from adults in their mid 20's and over. The target audience is also children. On their website there are separate categories for kids and adults and it shows what is on right now in the cinema from alternative films to big named films such as Spectre. They also have a section for alternative content like ballet and opera. 

Greenwich Picturehouse 
Greenwich High Road
This week they are showing; Black Mass, Bridge of Spies, The Hunger Games, Spectre, Grandma - so a variety of different genres.

This cinema is an independent cinema which shows mainstream to foreign language films. There is a wide target audience for this cinema due to the various films playing, from independent films to very high end mainstream films like The Hunger Games. I think on average, they would have elder people visiting this cinema as the price for a student ticket is over £13 and for a teenager to go to the cinema, they would usually want to buy popcorn and other snacks and not spend too much money.

Electric Cinema 
Portobella Road
This week they are showing; Bridge of Spies and Carol.
It screens mainstream and art house films. The target audience is again quite broad, however the pricing of a standard ticket is £18, which is very pricey for younger audiences, such as teenagers. Also, the décor in the actual cinema is Edwardian and very classy and sophisticated, which would therefore appeal to middle class adults.

Distribution

                                                            10 Steps of Film Distribution

1. Films are extremely inspiring, therefore films with the strongest labour attached to it will achieve the best successes and be spread to a wider audience.
2. Films have an impact socially and commercially so they connect with their audience. The distributors must identify and deliver the largest possible audience for their film; they must promote in the title and competing distributors.
3. The distributor must identify its audience; consider why they'd go and see it; estimating the revenue potential; persuading exhibitors to play the film; building awareness of the film and aiming to convert as much possible interest in film visits. 
4. The UK has 6 major distributors and many independent distributors, who tend to make films outside the major studios. 
5. Larger studios often work with major producers and sometimes, particularly with big blockbuster films, a studio would sell their international rights to another major international distributor. On the other hand, the independent studios would often work with independent producers. When considering acquiring a new film distributors would normally look for distinguishable features in order for the film to sell and become a success. They would also consider the target audience. The distributors also put together a detailed marketing spend and organise film festivals to make wider audiences aware of the film's release. 
6. Distributors sign a formal contract with the producer, sales agent or studio, specifying the rights they hold in respect of the title.
7. A distribution plan then needs to be prepared in order to plan the release.
8. They need to then consider what type of film it is, so consider the bbfc certification, which they must pay a fee in order to have classified. When the film should go out so the worst times are when things like finales of popular mainstream TV shows are taking place or worldwide events such as the olympics or the world cup are taking place. Also, the weather is an issue as if it's really cold many people may not want to go out and actually watch the film which would therefore be a disadvantage in terms of profit. Also, they need to consider where the film will go, so will it be in a multiplex cinema like Vue or a small arthouse cinema or maybe even an imax cinema or somewhere else. Then how the film is going to be released, so the marketing strategy that they will undergo in order to promote the film. 
9. Film marketing is extremely important because if the film has no awareness then no one will know about the film and therefore no one will watch it. Therefore, it is the distributors job to market the film in the correct way in order to promote it successfully to a vast amount of people. The film artwork must be creative and eye - catching, the trailers must be engaging and intriguing and exit polls should be taken after a screening in order to get feedback on the film. Also digital marketing as we are in a digital era, where nearly everything involves technology, therefore there should be online advertising and websites, also the use of social media is important in today's generation, therefore if there is one positive review on twitter for example it will positively promote the film and cause more people to watch it, due to the positive user generated content. However, this could also be negative because if someone hates the film and vocalises it, this will then be a disadvantage which would stop people from seeing the film. Premieres, festivals and awards are all great places to promote the film too. Promotions, like advertisements are also very key in order to promote the film. 
10. Media advertising campaigns are constructed using the concepts of paid, owned and earned channels. Paid is bought advertising; owned is maximising the distributors own channels and earned comprises social network and editorial coverage. Big name blockbusters tend to need heavy advertising spends in order to present their film to a wider audience. Research also shows the distributor what type of audiences will be interested in the film.

Distributors 

The Blair Witch Project 

Distributor - Artisan Entertainment (independent American studio)

The film was shown at the Sundance Film Festival and was released after months of publicity such as internet websites that portrayed the film as a series of real life events. The film grossed $248,639,099 worldwide on a final budget between $500,000 and $750,000, showing notable success. 

The Falling

Distributor - Metrodome UK

The film was shown at the BFI London Film Festival and had limited releases in the UK. The film grossed £359,082 and then a further $9,296 grossed from New Zealand on a budget of $750,000. Box office; $368,378, this figure against the budget shows that the film was not notably successful.

Monsters 

Distributor - Vertigo Films 

The film was shown at South by Southwest Film Festival, Cannes Film Market and Edinburgh Film Festival, also twice at Los Angeles Film Festival. The budget was less that $500,00 and on box office the film earned $4.2 million and a sequel was then released from this success. In the opening weekend in the UK the film grossed $550,110 and was screened in 164 theatres; the number then decreased however the overall gross in the UK was $1,442,633, which is a great success against the very low budget.

It Follows 

Distributors - RADiUS - TWC (Mini-major film studio) 

Dimension Films (Owned by The Walt Disney Studios)

The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival and had limited release in the US and then a wide release in 1,200 theatres. The film earned $163,453 from it's opening weekend from 4 theatres and was the best limited opening for a film that was released in the USA and Canada in 2015. The film then showed on 190 screens in the UK and grossed $573,290. Overall the film had a domestic gross of $8.9 million, an internation gross of $1.6 million and a worldwide gross of $10.3 million. The budget of the film was $2 million and on box office the film earned $19.4 million, which shows the substantial success of the film.

Antichrist 

Distributors - Nordisk Film Distribution, IFC Films and Artificial Eye

The film premiered at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival and won a number of awards. The budget of the film was $11 million and the box office earnings were $791,867. The film earned $26,000 just from one screen, which highlights the success of the film as respectable.

Curzon Artifical Eye 

Curzon Artificial Eye is a British film distributor, which specialises predominantly in independent, foreign language and art house films. It's parent company is Curzon World.

Trailers:


Kiss of the Spider Woman

In this trailer the most significantly interesting feature was the slow zoom from the monochrome to colour. I thought this was particularly compelling as it was quiet unique and something that I have never seen before therefore, I think it would useful  to include in my production. In addition to this, the use of the contrapuntal non-diegetic sound added a mysterious atmosphere to the trailer so I think it would benefit my production if contrapuntal sound was used as it creates this unique feeling for the audience.

A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Refelcting on Existence 

I really like how this clip is just filmed from one point; the several doors and the mise-en-scene of the setting is really atmospheric and it made me think about how important mise-en-scene actually is as this scene is still so powerful due to the setting of the long corridor and the several doors, which highlight the different rooms. I think the use of keeping the camera in one position is so iconic and so powerful and therefore I really would like to include this in my production.

Still Alice 

The narrative told within this trailer is so compelling and appealing; my initial idea was to produce a production about a girl with an illness or some sort of disorder but a narrative more sombre and chilling moving towards the horror genre rather than drama. The use of the establishing shots in this trailer are amazing, they look so captivating and mesmerising and would work so well within my production. The cinematography is key as it is so iconic, therefore the wide shots and establishing shots need to be included to establish the setting. 

Learner Response

Evaluation mark: 6/10

Grade: C

WWW: A solid evaluation that uses media terminology effectively and picks out some key strengths and weaknesses in the production. The section towards the end when you identify aspects that communicate characterisation to the audience is by far the strongest. Finally, you’ve also reflected on the production process – this will help with the real MEST2 coursework.

EBI: Overall, I have to be honest and say this is not the level I expected based on your previous track record in Media (including your top-grade Film Language assessment). Your written English is a problem – it’s quite informal and lacks a sharpness and clarity that you need with academic writing. Although this is on your blog, it’s a trial run for the 1,500 word evaluation in March and you’ll need something much more comprehensive and formally written when you complete that. You’ll also need to bring in all the key concepts and plenty of media theory too. Hopefully this exercise has given you a lot to learn and reflect on to help you reach a top A grade later in the year. 

LR: Copy and paste this feedback into a new blogpost and write three specific aspects you will look to improve for the real MEST2 evaluation in March.

• I need to write more formally and more in depth, analysing every detail 
• I need to include media key concepts and link it to the theory 
• The writing needs to be clearer too 

Production

The Blair Witch Project

The Haxan Films Production Company produced The Blair Witch Project and it was the company's main success. The company is most famous for producing this independent film. The company also produced Fox TV series FreakyLinks; the company wanted to promote the film using an amateurish website to try to get the same feel as The Blair Witch Project, however once the show was aired, it was not a success. Other films they produced such as 'Altered' got mixed reviews, with some critics saying that is was 'half interesting and semi-creepy,' whilst others said 'good old fashioned effects mixed with wicked gore.' The most notable success was The Blair Witch Project due to the captivating realism that was captured before, during and after the release of the film; the official website for the film featured fake police reports and information with missing students.

The Falling

The Falling was funded by the BFI, it was premiered at the BFI London Film Festival; the reception was mainly positive and The Guardian even rated the film 5/5 stars. The BFI is a charitable organisation which helps to fund films. It was also produced by BBC Films. BBC Films has produced some of the most successful films such as Truly, Deeply and Madly. The Falling was also up for nominations for an award for the Best British Newcomer and Best Film but didn't win.

Monsters

The production company that produced Monsters was Vertigo Films. The film received mostly positive reviews and was released in 19 countries. Vertigo Films produced Bronson, StreetDance 3D and Monsters; Monsters won awards for Best International Film, Best First Film, Best Achievement in Production, Best Director, Best Technical Achievement, Best Technical/Artistic Achievement and Top Independent Films. The production company's most notable success is StreetDance 3D and It's All Gone Pete Tong.

It Follows

It Follows was produced by Animal Kingdom, Northern Lights Films and Two Flints. It Follows was one of Animal Kingdom's most notable successes alongside Short Term 12. It Follows received significant praise for it's acting, cinematography, writing, musical score, direction and interpretation of old-fashioned horror devices. The film was a great success and was considered one of the best horror films in the decade.

Antichrist

The production companies that produced Antichrist were Zentropa Entertainments, arte France Cinéma, Canal+, Danmarks Radio, Film i Väst, Svenska Filminstitutet and Sveriges Television. The film became a huge success in Denmark and won awards in seven different categories. Zentropa is best known for producing the Dogme 95 movement. It was also the first mainstream film company to produce hardcore pornographic films for women. Canal+ is best known for producing The Straight Story, 

Existing Film Research

The Blair Witch Project 

The use of the handheld camera in this clip creates realism and makes the events seem more realistic and would therefore frighten the audience and make them believe that this could actually happen, due to the characters appearing as everyday, normal people. This provides the film with a sort of documentary style and also creates the illusion of reality.

Furthermore, the handheld camera produces quite a shaky image and keeps the audience on edge, due to the camera moving with the character; by doing this the audience would therefore feel as though they are going on a journey with this character and identify with the characters and the events that are taking place around them. The shaky camera also foreshadows the tension and the upcoming events as we are fully aware that the genre of this film is a horror, due to the film adopting the typical conventions such as the high-key lighting. In addition to the movement, the actual camera image transitions from monochrome to colour, which clearly identifies the two cameras that are being used as the monochrome one belongs to one character and the colour one belongs to the other. By having this, it establishes the different locations and scenes inside the house and also doesn't create confusion with the viewer as we are fully aware that there are two people with two different cameras. Also, because the film has been edited to show the two characters' view points, it almost adds to the tension as we are able to follow more than just one person. It also helps us to envision the whole location much better as we are able to see both characters that are filming, so we see both their faces and can identify with each of them, instead of just one.

Axiomatically, the monochrome camera adds rawness to the film, it strips back all colour and almost 'happiness' you could say as it forces the audience to focus purely on the events and not get distracted by any bright colours or bold visions; it makes the clip seem essentially naked from all life and this could foreshadow this characters' inevitable death. It could also represent the characters' demeanour as being quite black and white, perhaps quite a traditional character, who likes to see events in their most raw form and may be quite myopic. On the other hand, there is the colour camera, which could represent the opposite, perhaps this character views everything in a broader and more realistic way, taking into account everything that his eyes can see. The use of this camera makes the clip seem more realistic as we are able to imagine the location.

When the camera drops to the floor and is sort of malfunctioning we are forced to just listen to the sounds as we cannot see anything; this is particularly powerful as enigma codes are created and the audience have so many unanswered questions within the moment, due to the amount of tension created simply from dropping the camera.

The use of the handheld camera builds a sense of suspicion and apprehension as the audience identify with the characters and experience realism as the events could potentially occur.

'The Blair Witch Project' is a horror film and would appeal to more of a male target audience as the conventional male would like violence and thrilling scenes. Also the characters in this film are quite young therefore this would appeal to a younger demographic as they are able to identify with their emotions and create a sort of attachment with the characters.

The Falling 

Tension and suspense are created through the use of diegetic and non-diegetic sound; the voice over at the beginning of the clip sets the scene and establishes the protagonist, causing the audience to identify with her. The use of the non-diegetic voice over and the diegetic sound of the hairspray being sprayed and the bell ringing, highlights just how the protagonist is living in the moment and how the voice over is what she is thinking right now. Her thoughts in her mind are being reflected and shown visually simultaneously. The use of the voice over portrays the protagonist as quite a reflective character and we can infer from the sound that she is within her thoughts and immersed within.

The use of the montage of events and the editing being very fast paced and dramatic builds up tension and suspense. In addition to this, the sort of blink transition at the end of the montage may show the lead up to reality and the present moment. The fantasy sort of non-diegetic sound being played over the montage adds a sort of chilling feel to it as there's that kind of humming futuristic sound, which adds tension. Furthermore the use of the sound bridge from the bell and then we see the bell ringing, immediately stops that montage, which is really effective. It suggests that the protagonist may be awoken from the moment and suddenly halted from her thoughts. This may therefore foreshadow an upcoming event as she may suddenly experience something that she does not want to experience.
The editing then becomes very slow paced after that increasingly fast paced montage, the whole atmosphere created after is quite slow yet very effective as we are intrigued by what has just happened; the sound then becomes diegetic and the chatters of the children talking and playing creates the setting as quite a standardised school setting. This makes the whole scene feel more natural, therefore the audience are able to identify with the norm and conform with the conventions. 

We can tell that the target audience would be 15 and older due to the sexual scene portrayed at the beginning of the clip. Due to the representation of most of the characters being female, I would argue that this film would appeal more to females rather than males, we can especially gather this through the mise-en-scene; the school setting and uniform. This would appeal to a younger demographic rather than elder. The genre of mystery is definitely portrayed through this clip as there is a very tense and intriguing atmosphere created within the clip, especially through the use of sound.

Monsters 

The mise-en-scene creates a very tense atmosphere within this clip. The darkness around them adds a sinister atmosphere, however it doesn't look low-key as it seems quite natural. The environment creates an emotion, it makes it appear chilling as we cannot see what is occurring in depth and clearly. The minimal, artificial lighting, so the little light bulb appearing in the corner of the scene, at the beginning, foreshadows the tragedy to soon follow. The fact that there is just this one simplistic light bulb, without a shade or cover, highlights the nakedness and the strength of that light; connoting that the truth is all to be revealed here and there is no shade from the occurring events. In addition to this, the fact that the light is artificial, highlights how there is no natural purity within the room, simply darkness and 'fake light,' which, again, foreshadows the tragic events and the calamity which is about to emerge. The use of light within the whole clip is interesting; we see the characters sitting around the natural source of the fire, one of the 4 elements, something which is pure, however they all run away from this purity and find safety in artificial headlights; the car. The characters run towards this blinding light, which foreshadows just how there is no hope for them. To reinforce this idea, one of the headlights is broken and only the left one is seen lit (left as seen on screen); due to the genre of this film being horror, the idea of the left light may refer to sin, evil and more generically, the Devil. Referring to superstitions, the left is always wrong, there's always some sort of evil clairvoyance or inexplicable occurring associated with the left, which foreshadows the sinister events which will follow.

Furthermore, the prop of the gas mask creates that mysterious feeling as we believe they may be getting gassed and may be attacked as they are left helplessly and vulnerably in the truck. The combination of gas masks and guns reveal violence and the action code of putting the mask on, highlights that there may be something poisonous or harmful within the atmosphere. The use of this mise-en-scene reveals a thrilling atmosphere and environment and we are forced to identify with the characters due to their facial expressions.

The film genre is sci-fi, thriller and drama, so these genres would potentially appeal to a male demographic more so, rather than a female. The sci-fi genre would appeal to a wide range of audiences, from younger people to even elder people. Also due to the tension created in this clip and the action heard, this would again reinforce the idea of the film appealing to a more male demographic. 

It Follows

This clip is increasingly tense due to it's initial slow paced editing. The use of the camera movement is particularly interesting as there is a hand held camera following the male character as he runs, this produces a very shaky image and makes it much more tense as we feel like we are following him to the place. This is quite a conventional camera movement associated with horror films as it creates realism and therefore will make the audience question their own reality as they may believe that this could also happen to them. Within the clip, it adds to the suspense and really emphasises the identification to the characters. There is also a moment where there is a slow paced camera movement, it's a POV of the protagonist crawling up to the broken door; the camera moves increasingly slowly and the audience are tense as we are aware that we are going to see something and we're almost bracing ourselves for something to scare us. As soon as the little boy gets up to the camera the non-diegetic sound increases to frighten the audience and to create that jumpy atmosphere. Due to the camera moving increasingly slow paced, it increases the tension to a crawl, the build up becomes so slow and we prepare ourself for the climactic moment.

We are also forced to identify with the protagonist due to the use of close ups and medium close-ups of her emotional face, therefore an emotional connection is created between the main protagonist and the audience. The use of the camera being at the rear window of the car shows the distance of this protagonist and her fear; how it is increasing. Also the positioning of the camera almost foreshadows that something terrible is going to happen and that she can't run away from it. The fact that she has distanced herself from all her companionship portrays her isolation and the camera positioned at the rear window of the car highlights this exactly.

The camera work in the car again is very interesting as it is filmed from the back seat, which almost makes the audience feel as though they are in the back seat watching the protagonist go through her escape. Furthermore, when the protagonist looks back, there is no POV shot, instead the camera remains in the same place and reveals the hazard ahead, showing the audience what is going to happen before the character within the film is aware. This impacts the audience and makes them identify with the character and it is instinctive that the audience wants to help them and stop the danger from occurring. The impact of the camera work emphasises the identification with characters.

The target audience of this film would most probably be fairly balanced in terms of gender as there are mostly female characters, however the idea of Mulvey's 'male gaze' may be apparent here and may attract the male demographic. The horror genre also appeals to the male demographic more predominantly as the stereotypical boy is considered a thrill seeker and would be a fan of violence and gore. Also, due to the characters being quite young, I think the target audience would be youths as the characters are also quite young, but also the idea of horror films appealing to young people due to them being more willing to experiment with new films and want to seek some thrill and excitement.

Antichrist 

This clip is really interesting and intriguing in terms of sound and editing. The non-diegetic sound of the voice over creates this really tense atmosphere and her voice is almost at a whisper, it seems soft yet still quite chilling and thrilling as we hear her speak as she kind of guides herself through this place. Simultaneously, her voice seems hoarse like it's breaking and fading, which may foreshadow her subsequent fading into the grass at the end of this clip. In addition to this, there is another character who talks to her after a while through the clip, which creates the impression that perhaps this is her imagination and she may be with some sort of psychiatrist. This man speaks more confidently and bold like he is the dominant one, giving her orders. The two voices are in contrast with each other as the female voice fades and the male voice rises higher. Simply from their voices, the audience are able to infer their demeanour as being quite opposite. We would expect the female character to be the protagonist and it is as though she is reliving a moment within her imagination or her own world. In addition to this non-diegetic sound, there is another sound, which almost does not sound real, therefore I would argue that this is also non-diegetic. The sound is very chilling as it sounds like a calm yet sinister tone, one that is sort of unexplainable. The fact that this is constant and plays throughout the clip may highlight the fact that this is all a false reality, perhaps a figment of her imagination and this could be further supported by the editing as the use of the slow motion and the reduced frames per minute creates the illusion of fantasy rather than reality. The use of this also draws all of the viewers attention on the voice over and not the events and it is as though the image is simply a visual aid to help us imagine what she is thinking. The fact that she is in control of her thoughts is interesting and the fact that we are told what she is going to do before she does it makes it all the more intriguing and anticipating as we are interested in this character and who she is.

The editing overall is extremely slow paced and we would conventionally consider such a slow paced scene as being quite boring and uninteresting, however the use of the slow sounding voice over and the slow paced movement simultaneously with the slow editing, creates this wonderful thing and we are so intrigued by what's happening as her voice is almost entrancing. The slow motion also allows us to not be distracted by anything, which again reinforces the idea of the audience being captivated by this speaker and her words.

We can tell that the genre of this film is a horror due to the sinister atmosphere created in terms of mise-en-scene but also the voice over is quite a chilling and tense sound and her voice complements this marvellously and creates this anticipating scene filled with mesmerizing tension in such a peculiar and unconventional way. We would typically expect a horror film to be quite fast paced in terms of editing and transitions in order to keep us on edge and then followed by very slow camera movement at the most climactic moment to prepare the audience for the big fright. However, 'Antichrist' does not follow these conventions, in this clip, instead it subverts the stereotype and capturers the horror genre in a compelling yet unique way. The target audience for this film would maybe be a little older as you would have to focus on the film more so than the others, therefore I think it would appeal predominantly to a female demographic as they are stereotypically more interested in dramatic films and films with good story lines rather than males, who may just want to seek some thrill from the horror genre.

Preliminary Production Evaluation

The brief was met really well with our preliminary exercise as we achieved all the things required; the girl opened the door, there was a match on action shot, the girl spoke to another girl and exchange a few lines of dialogue, there were over the shoulder shots (which were not exactly achieved well) and there were also interesting other shots that we included to make it more interesting and visually appealing. The script we devised was really simple and it was easy to follow it, however the layout of our script was not exactly professional. The storyboard was very rushed but again it got the different shots across and it was really simple to follow the storyboard and the different angles and shots that had been written. Although, both the script and storyboard were not exactly detailed, they were efficient to use on this preliminary exercise, however for the real thing they must be more detailed and more in depth in order to create an even better production. In addition to this, the shot-list was again very simple, however we didn't refer back to all 3 pre-planning exercises so it meant our preliminary production was not exactly what we planned. Therefore, next time we would definitely have to refer to all our planning in order to create a more in depth and better planned production, which would potentially make it run smoother.

The dialogue in our production was very clear and presented a clear narrative. The timing of the music was cut really well and the choice of music was parallel to the narrative. The focus was also very good and the use of angles and different shots was really good, in terms of continuity editing too. Overall, the production met the brief really well.
The weaknesses however were; there was a humming sound in the background when the two characters were talking and when Aliza got up and left the room there was just silence, which made the production feel sort of incomplete and peculiar. The over the shoulder shots were not framed well at all, there was a lot of unnecessary space and the shot was more a behind the person shot as most of the back of the character was seen rather than just the shoulder. Also the focus on the character, who was the most important, wasn't great as she was not the main centre of attention. There was also a shot when Aliza sat down and it cut from that to an over the shoulder shot, which looked really odd and jumped weirdly. It didn't flow as smoothly as the rest of the production and it made it stand out like a sore thumb.

The genre of this production would be a friendship genre or revenge and the representation of the protagonist, Aliza, presented her as a sort of 'bitchy' character - the stereotypical jealous girl, the blunt one, who says what's exactly on her mind. The use of the hair flick, when she walks into the room, portrays her as that carefree individual, who would definitely not allow anyone to walk all over her. The audience are able to infer this immediately due to her character. The other girl, Ria, seems like more of the innocent character, the one who knows she can't get her own way. Her body language sort of speaks for itself, whilst Aliza sits quite confidently, with her back straight against the chair, Ria sits almost huddled up and cross legged, like she has something to hide and is holding her guard up.

Overall, the preliminary production met the brief and was very simple yet effective. There were many mistakes, which would be taken into consideration for next time and therefore would be much better next time.

Film Language Test Learner Response

WWW:

• A superb set of responses: clear thought and engagement with each question with a variety of possible interpretations discussed in depth. 

EBI:    

• Keep an eye on paragraphing and organisation. Loss of clarity in places. Some points could be taken further. Lack of depth in some questions. 

How is editing used to create drama and tension in the opening scene?

The use of the slow paced editing creates drama and tension in the opening scene, as it forces everything to happen slower and the audience to almost savour everything happening. There is not a constant transition from shot to shot, which shows the importance of the thing being filmed. Singer almost toys with the audience, especially during the conversation between the two characters as he does not allow the audience to see both characters as they speak. We, as the audience, are accustomed to wanting to see both characters and their faces, however because this is not done it creates much more tension and makes the scene very dramatic as we still are unaware of this mystery man yet we can hear him. The lack of editing here creates that dramatic atmosphere.

At the beginning of the scene, the editing is faster, showing the matches being lit and then the fire starting, the use of the faster paced editing here may represent the rapidness of fire. This may also represent just how quick a fire is started and the use of this editing captures that exactly. This is again reinforced by the use of the slow motion, when the villain drops the cigarette and a fire is started. The use of the slow motion with the fire slows down the pace of the clip and allows the audience to watch the fire burning away, just like the characters life will be. This creates more tension as we can see every detail and the rapid motion of a fires starting can actually be seen and savoured. This makes the scene more dramatic and on edge. Furthermore, we, as the audience, want to know what's going to happen, so the slow motion, again, creates more suspense due to the action code being so thrilling.

Furthermore, when the scene reaches it's climax, we would expect the editing to become more fast paced, however the editing stays exactly the same pace. The explosion is seen and everything is seen for the same amount of time, which makes it even more dramatic. The audience want to be thrilled by the fast paced editing to see the explosion at different angles and in a rapid pace, however the scene is still just as thrilling at the slower pace and it becomes all the more dramatic as we are focused on the one explosion. Because we are seeing the same thing, it becomes more dramatic as we don't see the character dying but instead we are just focused on this huge explosion, creating a very tense atmosphere.

Preliminary Exercise - Planning

Location: School D Block
Sequence of events:

• Girl walking up the stairs 
• Girl opening door 
• Girl going through the door 
• Girl going into classroom
• Girl sitting down opposite another girl 
• Other girl starts talking 
• Conversation between two girls 
• Girl stands up and walks away 

Actresses: TBC 

Script: 

Girl walks up the stairs and opens the door. She enters the classroom 

and sits opposite her friend

Girl 1: I was expecting to see you here

Girl 2: Were you now? 

Girl 1: I need to talk to you

Girl 2: Go on I'm listening (fiddling with nails)

Girl 1: I saw you the other day with Sandra. So I never knew you liked that girl, when did you become friends ey?

Girl 2: I swear it's not like that. It's not what it seems

Girl 1: K (rolls eyes and gets up and walks away)

Shot List: 

• Close up of feet walking up the stairs 
• Medium shot of her walking 
• Medium shot of her back 
• Medium shot opening the door 
• Close up of her hand as she opens the door (match on action)
• Long shot of her walking through the door 
• Medium shot of her back 
• POV shot of her looking at her friend in the classroom 
• Medium shot of her about to sit down 
• Close up of her hand pulling out the chair 
• Medium shot of the two 
• Over the shoulder shot over girl 2
• OTS over girl 1 
• Medium shot of them both exchanging 2 lines of dialogue 
• OTS of girl 2 
• OTS of girl 1
• Low angle shot of girl getting up and walking away  

Storyboard:

Media Awards

The Experiment

The background information setting the scene of the programme was very interesting as it made it explicit as to what the whole concept of the programme was about. In terms of lighting, it was low-key, making it seem quite tense and interesting as we see the names of different people and the one name circled, highlighting the sort of crime genre element. The fast paced editing combined with the low-key lighting are stereotypical conventions associated with the crime genre as it creates quite a tense atmosphere. The use of the non-diegetic sound, voice over, made the audience understand the thought process going through our protagonist, who we have not yet seen. But the fact that we have heard her voice, shows her importance and also makes us focus on everything that is happening. The use of the hand held camera and the shaky camera work again stereotype the crime genre and also create that tense atmosphere. The opening scene is a sort of montage and the use of the flashback showing the protagonist when she was younger and within a happy environment indicates the contrast between the past and the present. I also liked the use of camera work, especially during the end when the protagonist stops and looks around, the camera pans around her instead of panning around the area. This shows her facial expression, one of panic and fright, and really makes us empathise with her as we see her in a close up. This was a creative shot, which highlighted a lot in terms of mise-en-scene, both the setting and character. 

Labrat

The flashback element to this piece of work was particularly interesting. It begins with the protagonist setting up his camera equipment to record a sort of diary. The use of close ups and the switch to the camera actually recording him makes the audience empathise with him and feel part of his story as we are watching him explain his life to us first hand. The direct eye contact is particularly interesting as it engages the audience. The flashback shows the protagonist working hard and then getting punched, which indicates that he is quite a smart person who alienates themselves from others. The stereotypical 'geek' is presented here through the use of the setting, the library. The use of the close ups in the lab alongside the fast paced editing are very effective as we see the experiment being set up in a faster pace and it seems more engaging, due to the close up shots. This was also very creative. The protagonist gets closer to the camera, like he is addressing us personally and we, again, empathise with him and like the fact that he is talking to us directly and sharing his story with us. Also, the voice over through the flashback is another element that is similar to 'The Experiment' which is intriguing and engaging as we see what happened as he recites the narrative. The camera work throughout was very professional as every angle was thought about and shown clearly. The editing was also to a high standard as the fast paced editing complimented the parallel non-diegetic sound.

What Makes A Good Practical Media Production

A good media production, most importantly, should be engaging for the audience. It should be creative and unique to allow the audience to be compelled and interested in the piece. The camera work should be to a high standard, if there is a tracking shot for example, the camera should move steadily and cleanly and not be unsteady and shaky. The editing should be relevant, the shot cannot stay on the same thing for too long unless there is a purpose for it; all the editing should be done for a purpose. The editing and camera work should both be relevant and if there is sound, it should complement well, either contrapuntally or being parallel. The acting must also be good, there should be close ups or medium close ups for the protagonist, in order for there to be an audience connection. The dialogue should also be clear and the camera work must be relevant in terms of conversational dialogue, so there should be over the shoulder shots or close ups and medium shots of both characters. A good media production must also flow, everything must juxtapose purposely, there cannot be one shot that stands out looking peculiar next to the previous shot, unless it is a montage. In terms of transitions, they should only be used to make the production appear better and not be thrown randomly into the scene as it will not make the shots flow well. Overall, a good media production must flow well and the content must be interesting in order to keep the audience engaged. 

Editing Analysis

Death Race

The pace of the editing at the beginning is fairly slow paced. The use of continuity editing makes it seem appear more realistic as it doesn't highlight the editing or draw any attention to the transitions, overall making it seem very normal. The conversation between husband and wife is seen as very natural and the editing coincides with this perfectly. There is a juxtaposition of the baby monitor and the male and female character and also an eyeline match between the two characters and the baby monitor indicating that there is a child in the house and also foreshadowing the fact that one of the characters will have to leave to tend to the child. 

Within the room, there is an initial straight cut to the photo and then to the door when the protagonist enters, showing the change in setting. There is then a cut to the baby monitor downstairs, which immediately creates the impression that the mother can hear what the father is saying. There is then a straight cut focusing on the woman and what she is doing.The straight cut from the woman cooking to the exterior window makes it appear as though someone is looking into the house and watching the woman. The editing also speeds up as soon as the protagonist leaves the room as the scenes interchange from one area of the house to another, creating tension. The rapid transitions from the kitchen to the bedroom show that something is wrong and it almost indicates to the audience that something is going to happen as there is such fast paced editing and transitions. As soon as we see the intruder there is a straight cut of the protagonist washing his face, unaware of what is going on downstairs. It is interesting to notice the lack of editing here as this is the longest shot, creating the most tension as the audience are aware that something is going on downstairs but the protagonist is casually upstairs washing his face. Because of the lack of editing, it makes the scene much more captivating as we want there to be a transition to the kitchen, in order for us to know what is happening to the woman. Then there is a straight cut of the protagonist walking down the stairs and again there is a lack of editing as we follow the protagonist walk down the stairs and the tension is building up. 

When the intruder comes and the protagonist and him first meet, the intruder sprays something into the protagonist's face and the editing highlights and emphasises the protagonist's view here by the use of a dissolve. There is also a jump cut used to showing that a bit of time has passed as the onions have burnt. The pace of the editing is very frenetic now to perhaps indicate how fast this is all happening for the protagonist. There are lots of dissolves used whilst the intruder is walking away, and the pace of these are much quicker as well, creating a sense of the protagonist's view and an eyeline match from him and the supposed antagonist. The use of half dissolves create a sense of the protagonist's eyes closing and opening again, showing the audience exactly what he is seeing through the use of editing. The scene has also been sped up as the antagonist walks away, making him seem almost ghost-like as the audience only see the intruder a few times, which creates a lot of mystery for the audience. 

There is then a fade to black, indicating that the intruder has gone and the time has changed. The fade out is very long, which also makes the audience think and believe that either the protagonist has died or been seriously injured. The initial slow fade into the shot contrasts the forthcoming pace of editing as it becomes rapid again as he looks up and there is a dissolve to the next shot of the onions. The use of the dissolve here could represent him regaining consciousness and slowly becoming aware of his surroundings. There are several straight cuts from the protagonist, to his wife, to the police and to the knife. There are also dissolves used as he tries to throw the knife and I think there is also a jump shot as the police officer is on top of the protagonist. There are many dissolves used again at the end of this scene as we see the protagonist's face and then this cuts to his wife and dissolves to the gun. The speed of this scene is also sped up, which again makes it seem like the editing is reflecting the protagonist as there are many eyeline matches between him and his wife, him and the police officers and also him and the gun. The fast pace and the juxtaposition between the characters in this scene makes this scene compelling and makes the audience feel frantic as they try to follow what's happening. When we see the protagonist again, there are more dissolve cuts used, perhaps this is to indicate how everything has become blurry and fast paced to him so the editing complements the emotions of the protagonist. The speed of his movements are increased in order to maintain that fast paced scene and to highlight to the audience how he is feeling. 

Cinematography

Fast Five

There is an establishing shot which opens the scene, it reveals the very isolated setting and the slight pan following the bus indicates that this is the main subject at this stage. The camera then zooms into one of the protagonists and we are aware who he is due to Fast and Furious being a sequel and also because he is the only character on the bus who we can identify with, due to his facial expression contrasting and being more prominent in comparison to the rest of the characters. The wide shot, which shows more of the surroundings and the blurred bus, again, highlights just how remote the area is and almost foreshadows that something bad is going to happen, we can anticipate this simply due to the wide shot revealing the area. 

When the 3 cars appear in the shot, the camera shot becomes a crane shot, showing a chase sort of scene as we see the bus in front and 3 cars, which are gaining their speed and enclosing in upon this bus. There is a close up on the male character and the female character, immediately revealing their importance as they are one of the first characters appearing and in a close range, causing us to see their face directly. The camera is very low and tracking the 3 black cars, in general the pacing of this scene is very fast and exciting. The high angle crane shot, which tracks all the events adds more excitement within the scene as we, as the audience, are able to experience the whole event in full. The low angle shot in the car is a medium shot of the woman, with this shot it makes us involved in the scene, it is like we are in the car with her, watching her pull the handbrake and turning. Also, we can anticipate her handbrake turn before she does it as we are essentially 'in the car with her;' this shot makes it so much more compelling. Again, there is a close up in the car of the male character applying his foot brake, foreshadowing and anticipating the crash due to the next camera angle showing the bus directly behind. 

When the bus actually crashes, there's a sort of POV shot as we can see the bus crashing into the back of the car from the rear window, which is what the male character would see too. This makes the audience part of this crash as we can see exactly what he is seeing. Several different camera angles and shots are used when the bus rolls over, from tracking shots, tracking the movement of the bus; crane shots so we can see the debris flying from the bus and showing the complete destruction caused; and also a medium shot which shows the bottom of the bus skidding across, this is also one of the only shots where the camera is static yet still ties in with the fast paced movements and camera angles due to the fast paced editing involved too.

Overall the camera movement is fast paced and rapid, suiting and complementing the action genre and making the scene a very exciting and thrilling opening scene. 

Sound Analysis

Harry Potter and the Order of Phoenix 

Most of the sound in this clip is sound effects; from the fireworks to the broomsticks. These sound effects complement the genre of fantasy and fit in with the whole essence of the film. Furthermore, these sound effects would also be diegetic simply due to the genre.

In the beginning of this film clip there is an absence of sound, which creates tension. The diegetic sound of the quills writing emphasise the silence of the room. The diegetic sound of the banging also creates tension and to further emphasise this the woman's heels create an echo in the room. The fast paced sound of clicking build up the suspense to what is about to happen next. 

There is also a sound bridge as when she comes out of the room, we hear the sound of the little spark and then we see it in front of her face. In addition to this sound bridge, there is also another one when the boys come around the corner on their broomsticks; we hear the sound of them shouting when the camera is still on the woman and then we see them. This suggests that they are charging in and about to carry out something rather interesting. 

There is the non-diegetic sound of the upbeat, cheerful sounding music that comes in when the boys come in throwing fireworks. This music is parallel to the scene as it is a rather fun, fast paced scene, complementing the music. There is of course the diegetic sound of the fireworks, the paper flying everywhere and the broomsticks. The dialogue from everyone is over the top of the non-diegetic music in order for us to hear it. 

When the dragon firework is produced, the very jolly music then makes a transition to a very eerie type of music which has a slower paced beat, raising more tension. Her screams also suggest to the viewer that she is afraid, along with her facial expression. We can assume that the sound of the closing mouth, from the dragon, is diegetic due to the genre of this film being a fantasy. At this moment, all the non-diegetic music stops and everything becomes diegetic as we hear the paper falling and the sparks dying out. 

Parallel & Contrapuntal Sound Presentation

Film Noir Lighting

The shadows in film noir are strongly pronounced, which really creates an element of mystery and darkness. The low-key lighting enables you to get a really defined shadow and they avoid spilling the light in order to really focus on the actual character or object. What film noir aims to do is prevent using any extra light as it takes away from the mood of the scene. Film noir is essentially a world of shadows and this is what makes it so obscure and curious as a genre. The chiaroscuro is what provides the dramatic impact and makes the scene adopt some depth.

No filler light would be used as filler light softens shadows and the whole point of the genre is to enhance these silhouettes. Predominantly, key lights would be used to accentuate the thing being shot and this means that they would use under lighting, top lighting and back lighting. These all create different effects and all three would be used at different times in film noir as they depict very different atmospheres. Back lighting would be used a lot as this would enhance the shadows. 


In this clip from The Maltese Falcon, the shadows are highly pronounced. There are shadows created by nearly everything. When the lights inside the house come on, shadows are still created from the lamps on the wall. The use of these silhouettes create a very crime/detective sort of atmosphere.

Film Language: Lighting

 

Low-Key Lighting. 

There is an exaggerated light and dark contrast, creating a very mysterious and dramatic image. Also the smoke provides the image with a film noir atmosphere as she appears as a femme fatale.

The key lighting comes from the left, creating shadows on the right. There is also a back light which creates an element of mystery. 

Low-Key Lighting.

There is a pronounced light and dark contrast and the top lighting emphasises the glamour and beauty of the woman. Although low-key lighting is conventionally used to create a dramatic atmosphere, this looks almost romantic as the shadows on her face are really exaggerated. In addition, she doesn't look scared or frightened, supporting the fact that this is not a horror film or thriller. There is no back light or filler light which creates the darkness in the background. 

High-Key Lighting. 

All 3 lights have been used as the scene looks very realistic and natural. The top lighting accentuates the characters eyes and makes him seem villainous. The dark shadows cast underneath his eyes and on his cheekbones make him appear quite evil and dark, despite the fact that the lighting is high. 

Low-Key Lighting. 

There is a key light coming from the right side, casting a shadow on the left side of the character's face. There is also a back light as we can see every bit of rain even though we cannot see the left side of his face. There is no filler light or very little filler as the shadows are strong. This lighting creates a dramatic atmosphere and suits the genre of film noir. His facial expression also depicts this as he looks very serious and stern.

Low-Key Lighting. 

There is a key light which comes from the left and no filler as the shadow, which is cast behind her, is very pronounced. Although the image is lit well, the shadows make it appear less realistic and more theatrical. There is no back light either as we can see the exaggerated dark shadow, making the image appear mysterious. Also her facial expression makes the image look frightening as she herself looks frightened. 

High-Key Lighting. 

The image is very realistic as there is natural light coming from the blinds. This creates streaks of shadows across their faces and very minimal lighting yet very realistic. The effect of the lighting in this image makes it youthful and almost optimistic as the light is just seeping through.


The only lighting in this image is back lighting as we can see an over exposed background and an unpronounced front. The silhouettes create an obscure image as we cannot see the characters faces, just pure darkness, depicting a very mysterious image.


Low-Key Lighting.
There is a key light coming from the left, which lights up most of her face and accentuates the shadow behind her. There seems to be no filler light as the shadow is so pronounced and also due to her facial expression being of concern,we can tell that this image is very mysterious.


High-Key Lighting.
There's a very realistic feel created with this image and there is also top lighting, which acts as the key light. We can tell this as the top of her face is lit yet there are shadows which are cast underneath her chin. There is both a back light and a filler light as there are no shadows created. There is no pronounced light and dark contrast, depicting a very natural scene.


Low-Key Lighting.
There is a back light which creates the silhouette of the banister along the wall. There is also a key light coming from the right as the right side of the character's face is lit and also the shadow is pronounced on the opposite side. The whole image is very dark in general, which makes the atmosphere unquestionably dark too.


High-Key Lighting.
There are no emphasised shadows created in this image, however there are some shadows that are not very pronounced. The key light comes from the left and there would be a back light too. I think there is a minimal amount of filler light as there is a shadow cast on the wall from the woman. The whole image is quite film noir yet a sort of realistic atmosphere is still created.

Mise-en-scene - Film Clip Analysis and Comparison

Scarface

This scene is set in an expensive, grandeur looking mansion, filled with a lot of red and gold, connoting wealth. The setting is almost over the top, every prop looks expensive, there is nothing out of place in the house. The security cameras in his room show just how big his house is and just how much security he needs, perhaps this is to suggest that he needs protection, therefore we can make the assumption that he is not a virtuous man. 

His costume is also very high class as he wears a suit, suggesting that he is a business man. The fact that the assassins are wearing normal everyday clothes emphasises the protagonists wealth. Also due to the fact that he is higher above them shows his superiority and dominance. The blood, which is already on his collar before the scene starts, implies that he has already been in a dispute beforehand. This re-emphasises his immoral nature. 

The lighting of the scene is unnatural as it is from his many chandeliers and bulbs, perhaps suggesting that there is no good in him as it is all fake as the only light that shines on him is not real. The scene becomes quite foggy mid-way through, which may show the outcome of the situation becoming clouded or even the judgement of the protagonist being clouded as he seems very impulsive. 

The machine gun in the scene makes him powerful as his facial expression reveals a very motivated and serious character, who seems to think he can take on the world alone. He dies in a pool, which could signify how he is cleansing himself now that he is dead. 

Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory 

This scene begins with the protagonist throwing newspapers into peoples homes, suggesting that he is doing a paper round. The streets seem quite old and murky, suggesting that the scene is set in a poor area. There's also a market woman and a woman picking flowers, showing the poverty within the setting. The man that is met wheels away with a trolley filled with a varied range of knives, conveying the man to be quite an abnormal and mysterious character. His facial expression is almost vicious as he makes direct eye contact with the boy, even when he's walking away; this makes him seem very intimidating. 

The protagonist is dressed averagely, there's nothing that makes him appear any different from the typical boy. As the lighting changes from high-key to low-key, indicating a change in time it also creates a gloomy atmosphere. The gates to the factory are extravagant in relation to everything else, which makes it seem out of place. The darkness reveals an element of mystery within the factory and as the name 'WONKA' lights up, the whole scene does too. As he almost marvels at the factory through a small little gap in the wall, this conveys his interest in the setting.

The facial expressions of the protagonist shows terror as he encounters the mysterious man; the protagonists' eyes show confusion and his mouth expresses anticipation as he parts his lips slightly. This reveals the boy's innocence as a character.  

Sinister 

The scene is set outdoors; simply made up of one large, strong looking tree and many green bushes and grass. The setting appears quite natural and pure with nothing around except 4 characters. The lighting isn't low-key which subverts the convention of a horror film, however it doesn't seem as though it is very bright, therefore you could make the assumption that it was very early morning. The whole setting appears fairly natural, except from the hanging family.There is also a kind of spear, which is quite abstract.

The hanging characters seem to be wearing common clothes, implying that they are normal people. The fact that their faces are covered with sacks shows that their killer wants to hide themselves. It's particularly interesting to see that they are hanging on the left side of the tree; maybe this is iconic as the left side is associated with evil and has many satanic connotations. Furthermore, trees can convey a sinister atmosphere due to the tree of knowledge being associated with good and evil. 

Although we cannot see the facial expressions of the characters, we can easily make the assumption that they are distressed; they sway their legs and twist around, hanging helplessly. Fog starts to emerge from the bushes, which creates an atmosphere which insinuates a cold chill or better said a sinister mood. 

Both Sinister and Willy Wonka are set in the outdoors in a very regular environment, however Sinister includes an uncommon aspect due to the dead people. There is an almost chilling mood created in all 3 of these clips; in Scarface, Tony thinks he can dominate the world but his death results with a cold ending; in Willy Wonka, the man holding knives generates a mysterious and chilling mood also as we are unaware of who he is or what he is doing there; in Sinister, the whole scene is eerie, even though the lighting is high. This is intriguing particularly because Willy Wonka is a family fantasy musical, whilst Sinister is a horror and Scarface is a crime drama. Willy Wonka is practically on the opposite end of the spectrum to Sinister yet they share similar elements, in terms of mise-en-scene.

There's an element of worry in both Tony Montanna's facial expression and Charlie Bucket, however Tony reveals more supremacy within his nature, whilst Charlie shows his innocence. There is an aspect of mystery shown in both the Willy Wonka clip and the Sinister clip, more so because they are the opening scenes of the film. 

In addition to this, there is a weapon in all 3 scenes; machine gun, knives and spear. The props are very similar, which is also very interesting due to the different genres.